In Filippo Bigioli’s Lucifer in the Giudecca the three figures being gnawed by Lucifer are drawn directly from Dante’s Inferno, where Satan is described with three mouths eternally chewing the worst traitors in human history. In Dante’s vision these three sinners are Judas Iscariot, the apostle who betrayed Christ; Brutus, one of the main conspirators in the assassination of Julius Caesar; and Cassius, who also participated in that conspiracy. To Dante the betrayal of Caesar represents the ultimate betrayal of secular order just as Judas represents the ultimate betrayal of divine trust, and these three are placed in the deepest part of Hell, the Giudecca, as the greatest sinners against benefactors.